Overview
In c. 1650–c. 1550 BC, Egypt fragmented after the decline of the Middle Kingdom, an era spanning the 13th–17th Dynasties. The Hyksos — the name means “rulers of foreign lands” — were of West Asian (Levantine) origin and ruled Lower Egypt as the 15th Dynasty from Avaris in the eastern Delta, while the 17th Dynasty at Thebes held Upper Egypt.
Key developments
Under Hyksos rule, innovations were introduced or spread: the horse-drawn chariot, the composite bow, and improved bronze weaponry. Thebes eventually launched a war of liberation. The mummy of Seqenenre Taa bears violent head wounds, suggesting he died in battle or by execution; the fight then passed to Kamose.
End and transition
Ahmose I completed the reconquest. He took Avaris, expelled the Hyksos c. 1550 BC, and founded the 18th Dynasty, opening the New Kingdom.